Nevada Test Site Totally Explained

Everything about The Nevada Test Site totally explained

The Nevada Test Site is a United States Department of Energy reservation located in Nye County, Nevada, about 65 miles (105 km) northwest of the City of Las Vegas, near . Formerly known as the Nevada Proving Ground, the site, established on January 11, 1951 for the testing of nuclear weapons, is composed of approximately 1,350 square miles (3,500 km²) of desert and mountainous terrain. Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site began with a one-kiloton (4 terajoule) bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat on January 27, 1951. Many of the iconic images of the nuclear era come from NTS.

Quick facts

The Nevada Test Site has:

1,100 buildings
400 miles (643 km) paved roads
300 miles (482 km) unpaved roads
10 heliports
2 airstrips

History

1951–1992

Between 1951 and 1992, there were a total of 928 announced nuclear tests at Nevada Test Site. Of those, 828 were underground. (Sixty-two of the underground tests included multiple, simultaneous nuclear detonations, adding 93 detonations and bringing the total number of NTS nuclear detonations to 1,021, of which 921 were underground.) The site is covered with subsidence craters from the testing. The Nevada Test Site was the primary testing location of American nuclear devices; 126 tests were conducted elsewhere (many at the Pacific Proving Grounds in the Marshall Islands).
   During the 1950s, the mushroom cloud from these tests could be seen for almost 100 miles in either direction, including the city of Las Vegas, where the tests became tourist attractions. Americans headed for Las Vegas to witness the distant mushroom clouds that could be seen from the downtown hotels.
   On July 17, 1962 the test shot "Little Feller I" of Operation Sunbeam became the last atmospheric test detonation at the Nevada Test Site. Underground testing of weapons continued until September 23, 1992, and although the United States didn't ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the articles of the treaty are nevertheless honored and further tests have not occurred. Tests not involving the full creation of a critical mass (subcritical testing) continue.
   One notable test shot was the "Sedan" shot of Operation Storax on July 6 1962, a 104 kiloton shot for the Operation Plowshare which sought to prove that nuclear weapons could be used for peaceful means in creating bays or canals—it created a crater 1,280 feet (390 m) wide and 320 feet (100 m) deep that can still be seen today. While most of the larger tests were conducted elsewhere, NTS was home to tests in the 500 kiloton to 1 megaton (2 to 4 petajoule) range, which caused noticeable seismic effects in Las Vegas.
   From 1986 through 1994, two years after the United States put full-scale nuclear weapons testing on hold indefinitely, at least 536 demonstrations were held at the test site involving 37,488 participants and 15,740 arrests, according to government records.
   After the demonstrations, held by the American Peace Test, Nevada Desert Experience and Corbin Harney through the Shundahai Network continued to protest the government's continued nuclear weapons work and effort to put a repository for highly radioactive waste adjacent to the test site at Yucca Mountain, 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas.

1992–present

The site was scheduled to be used to conduct the testing of a 1,100-ton conventional explosive in an operation known as Divine Strake in June 2006. The bomb is a possible alternative to nuclear bunker busters, which Congress has been reluctant to fund, despite support from President Bush. However, after objection from Nevada and Utah members of Congress, the operation was postponed until 2007. On 22 February 2007 the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) officially canceled the experiment.
   As of 2004, the test site offers public tours on approximately a monthly basis, although the taking of souvenir material is prohibited. Additionally, image taking and communication devices are prohibited.
   While there are no longer any explosive tests of nuclear weapons at the site, there's still subcritical testing, used to determine the viability of the United States' aging nuclear arsenal. Additionally, the site is the location of the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Complex, which sorts and stores low-level radioactive waste that isn't transuranic and has a half life of no greater than 20 years. Bechtel ran this complex until 2006. Several other companies won the latest bid for the contract. They then combined (formed) a new company called National Security Technologies. Interestingly, this new company has AECOM as part of the team. AECOM used to be Holmes and Narver. Holmes and Narver held the Nevada Test Site contract for many, many years before Bechtel had it.
   Located at the ground zero for the Operation Teapot nuclear test is the Transportation Incident Exercise Site, which replicates multiple terrorist radiological incidents with train, plane, automobile, truck, and helicopter props.

Landmarks and geography

The town of Mercury, Nevada is located on the grounds of the NTS, and at one time housed contingents from Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Sandia National Laboratories. Area 51 and the proposed high-level nuclear waste storage facility at Yucca Mountain are located nearby. The BREN Tower, a high guyed tower originally for radiation experiments with an unshielded reactor simulating the amounts of radiation received by survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, is located in the NTS at Jackass Flats.

Cancer and test site

In a report by the National Cancer Institute, released in 1997, it was determined that ninety atmospheric tests at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) deposited high levels of radioactive iodine-131 (5.5 exabecquerels) across a large portion of the contiguous United States, especially in the years 1952, 1953, 1955, and 1957—doses large enough, they determined, to produce 10,000 to 75,000 cases of thyroid cancer. The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 allowed for people living downwind of NTS for at least two years in particular Nevada, Arizona or Utah counties, between January 21, 1951 – October 31, 1958 or June 30, 1962 – July 31, 1962, and suffering from certain cancers or other serious illnesses deemed to have been caused by fallout exposure to receive compensation of $50,000. By January 2006, over 10,500 claims had been approved, and around 3,000 denied, for a total amount of over $525 million in compensation dispensed to "downwinders". Uranium miners, mill workers and ore transporters are also eligible for $100,000 compassionate payment under the Radiation Exposure Compensation Program, while $75,000 is the fixed payment amount for workers who were participants in the above-ground nuclear weapons tests.

Nuclear test series carried out at Nevada Test Site

Operation Ranger — 1951

Operation Buster-Jangle — 1951

Operation Tumbler-Snapper — 1952

Operation Upshot-Knothole — 1953

Operation Teapot — 1955

Project 56 — 1955

Operation Plumbbob — 1957

Project 57, 58, 58A — 1957–1958

Operation Hardtack II — 1958

Operation Nougat — 1961–1962

Operation Plowshare — 1961–1973 (sporadic, at least one test a year)

Operation Sunbeam — 1962

Operation Dominic II — 1962–1963

Operation Storax — 1963

Operation Niblick — 1963–1964

Operation Whetstone — 1964–1965

Operation Flintlock — 1965–1966

Operation Latchkey — 1966–1967

Operation Crosstie — 1967–1968

Operation Bowline — 1968–1969

Operation Mandrel — 1969–1970

Operation Emery — 1970

Operation Grommet — 1971–1972

Operation Toggle — 1972–1973

Operation Arbor — 1973–1974

Operation Bedrock — 1974–1975

Operation Anvil — 1975–1976

Operation Fulcrum — 1976–1977

Operation Cresset — 1977–1978

Operation Quicksilver — 1978–1979

Operation Tinderbox — 1979–1980

Operation Guardian — 1980–1981

Operation Praetorian — 1981–1982

Operation Phalanx — 1982–1983

Operation Fusileer — 1983–1984

Operation Grenadier — 1984–1985

Operation Charioteer — 1985–1986

Operation Musketeer — 1986–1987

Operation Touchstone — 1987–1988

Operation Cornerstone — 1988–1989

Operation Aqueduct — 1989–1990

Operation Sculpin — 1990–1991

Operation Julin — 1991–1992

Gallery

Image:Wfm area51 map en.png|Map showing the NTS and other federal territories in southern Nevada Image:House 1953 Nevada Nuclear Test 5 psi.jpg|Frame House destroyed by nuclear blast on March 17, 1953, Annie shot of Operation Upshot- Knothole, 16 kilotons. Overpressure at house location 5 psi. Image:US fallout exposure.png|Per capita thyroid doses in the continental United States of iodine-131 resulting from all exposure routes from all atmospheric nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site Image:Nevada Test Site craters.jpg|The Yucca Flat area of the Nevada Test Site is scarred with subsidence craters from underground nuclear testing Image:NVDOE-UndergroundTesting.jpg|Preparing for an underground test. The emplacment tower lowers the nuclear device into the drilled shaft; the cables run to instruments that record information from the experiment Further Information

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